SolSource Tibet

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	"name" => "SolSource Tibet",
	"created" => "2010-03-13 09:14:33",
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	"pitch" => "The rural population of western China relies heavily on dung and wood for fuel. These fuels are attractive to rural peoples because they are free of cost. The collection of wood, however, results in deforestation while the time required for women and children to collect both fuels perpetuates under-education, gender inequality, and poverty. In addition, the indoor air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the combustion of these fuels are a detriment both to the health of rural people and to the health of the global environment.

SolSource Tibet has developed an innovative solar design which addresses the most pertinent needs of the rural population while reducing the quantity of biomass fuel collected and combusted.

The SolSource solar cooker replaces the concrete solar cooker frame currently used in the area with a tent-like bamboo frame that can be dismantled by farmers and nomads during travel between the home and field. The choice of bamboo - an earthquake safe material - and the broad base formed by the re-bar legs which can be anchored during high winds, help our solar design weather the harsh conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The dish and reflector are formed by mylar sewn into a 25-panel yak wool canvas.

The SolSource Tibet project will give women more free time for economic activities, improve health, increase education, and strengthen family units.",
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	"whoweare" => "**Scot Frank,** MIT alum
Scot is an avid China-enthusiast whose trips for work in educational technology and communication, fellowship on cultural preservation, and alternative energy surveying in rural areas of western China have increased his attachment to and motivation to help the region and its people. Initially interested in applied technology for development, he now wishes to focus his attention on problems of more immediate need such as water access and alternative sources of energy. Scot previously directed the MIT-China Educational Technology Initiative, received the Award for Excellence for the top student in the Department of Foreign Language and Literature, and also co-led the D-Lab China team in January 2008. From his contacts and connections formed by extensive work and travel of years past, along with his Chinese language proficiency, Scot will be responsible for trip logistics. He will also help develop solar cooker designs based on his knowledge, experience, and previous development work there as well as build and implement the online fuel emissions database.

**Catlin Powers,** Harvard PhD student
Catlin is a double major in Chemistry and Environmental Policy & Economics at Wellesley College. In January 2008, she traveled to Amdo, Tibet with the MIT D-Lab 2008 Tibet team. There, her interest in the health, comfort, and social status of women motivated curiosity about solar cooker design. With the team, she participated in emissions testing, visited a solar cooker factory, and interviewed villagers about the improvements they would like to see made in solar cooker design. Prior to January 2008, Catlin had visited the Tibetan Autonomous Region and noted inefficiencies in the unique design of solar cookers employed there. Within environmental issues, Catlin has a special interest in energy and climate change. She has previously interned in atmospheric chemistry at Pacific Northwest National Laboratories and produced a collaborative paper on global energy trends with the Alliance for Global Sustainability later presented at the Academia Engelberg Dialogue on Science. Currently, she is interning at a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) company called Amoda Environmental Solutions located in Bangalore, India and working on a scalable rural biogas project. Catlin will contribute to the development of the team's designs through her knowledge of chemical thermodynamics and previous experiences with solar cookers in Tibet. Should the testing phases of the project prove successful, Catlin will help the team pursue CDM funding for further implementation.
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	"description" => "Note: This challenge is closed. However, funds may still be available to tackle indoor air pollution related needs. For more information, please contact lsampatch@mit.edu.
Improving Indoor Air Quality to Break the Cycle of Poverty Indoor air quality is a concern around the world and affects predominantly the poor in their homes and workplaces. Exposure is strongly tied with burning solid fuels, a practice common to three billion people worldwide, half of whom are in India and China. In many African countries, more than 90% of the population uses solid fuel. Worldwide deaths attributed to air pollution are on a level with those caused by malaria and tuberculosis. Indoor air pollution is not indiscriminate; the devastating effects are most strongly felt by women and children. For children under five, for example, acute lower respiratory infections are the leading cause of death worldwide. More than half of those infections are related to indoor air pollution.
This year's Yunus Innovation Challenge focuses on improving indoor air quality to    break the cycle of poverty. Indoor air pollution kills 1.6 million people per year,    yet efforts to prevent, monitor, improve the situation remain seriously understudied    relative to other global health issues on a comparable level. There is    ample opportunity for innovation in public awareness, technical interventions,    monitoring programs, and more, to reach the estimated three billion poor worldwide    who are affected by pollutant levels often 100 times greater than the    recommended thresholds.
The 2008 Yunus Innovation Challenge calls for improving indoor air quality to    break the cycle of poverty. Solutions should be designed for implementation in communities living at or below the poverty level.
Background Infectious diseases affect everyone. Yet a strong relationship exists between poverty, an unhygienic environment, and the number of episodes and severity of illness. The health cost of infectious diseases is tremendous and falls disproportionately on young children. Diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of preventable death among children under five in developing countries, claiming the lives of more than 3.5 million children a year.
Hands are a common vector for disease transmission. Studies suggest that transforming good hand hygiene from an abstract idea into an automatic behavior performed in homes, schools and communities worldwide has the potential to save more lives than any single vaccine or medical intervention, interrupting the transmission path of disease and helping to prevent more than 1 million child deaths per year.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cleaning hands is "the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection," yet recent studies and reports indicate that lack of hand hygiene contributes significantly to disease transmission.
Despite interventions that make cleaning hands less costly, many barriers remain in place to widespread adoption of such practices. Challenges to overcome include:

inertia in adopting hygiene practices
cost and availability of resources
cultural barriers such as social norms and preferences

One way to address the issue is through innovations in technology. For solid fuel     use in the kitchen, product development and case studies have focused on     smokeless stoves and solar cooking. Although recognized as potential     contributors to the global fight of respiratory illness, there is a lack of consensus     on their effectiveness. Other factors limiting uptake may include difficulty in     maintenance and low cultural acceptability, which may signify a need for more     appropriate designs.
It may come as no surprise that afflictions tied to the solid fuels used for cooking      affect women in poverty, who spend between three and seven hours per day at a household fire.      The impact on children is, if anything, even greater, and exacerbated by several      factors. Young children spend most of their time with their mothers, often strapped to their bodies. As they are not fully developed, they have smaller airways susceptible to inflammation, breathe faster, and have weaker immune systems relative to healthy adults. Children therefore absorb pollutants more readily than adults and also retain them in their system for longer.
Conventional particulate sensors cost anywhere between $50 and $300 in the     US. For a large-scale or long-term monitoring solution, particularly in the     developing world, this cost is unacceptable. Innovations leading to low-cost      monitoring and evaluation systems would make significant contributions towards      understanding the details of where the greatest impacts are, the scale of the    problem, and how effective technical or behavioral intervention programs are.
Due to limitations in financial or organizational capacity, there is a worldwide      paucity of large-scale data in indoor air pollution, particularly in the home. Roles      to continue monitoring and disseminating data for better understanding are going      unfulfilled or inadequately fulfilled. Even in areas where funds are available and      programs are ongoing to monitor air pollution in public places (e.g. schools) or in      large-scale studies including homes, getting the data into the hands of those who      would use it for research or public intervention is still a challenge. This is an issue      that exists in a variety of fields and in countries all over the world, but the lack of    information is most keenly felt when health is at risk and budgets are limited.
Key Considerations The issues surrounding indoor air quality are fairly complex, and present a    variety of opportunities for innovation, including:

 the strong cultural and social foundations for fuel practices
 the lack of availability and higher cost of cleaner fuels
 understanding of the connection between health issues and personal practices
 low quantity and availability of data to analyze or publicize the problem, or measure the effectiveness of intervention

It is not expected that proposed solutions will address all issues surrounding indoor air quality. However, Yunus Challenge solutions should address a particular need and fill it well. Participants are encouraged to work on a design with a specific community or region in mind as this can be helpful in identifying constraints and providing context.
Subject Reading There are several additional sources of information (see bottom of page), but in particular participants are encouraged to read the following materials.
The Global Burden of Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution is the one of the greatest health threats in the developing    world, claiming 1.6 million lives each year in addition to contributing to 2.7% of    the world's global disease burden. Like tuberculosis and malaria, indoor air    pollution is considered an affliction of the poor: 80% of world exposure to    particulate pollution occurs inside in developing countries. The majority of the    afflicted are women and young children, and they are disproportionately poor.    The burden includes approximately 1 million deaths by acute lower respiratory    infection in children, and a high incidence of lung cancer and chronic obstructive    pulmonary disease in women. These deaths and illnesses are preventable.
Preliminary readings include the following:

Warwick, H. and Doig, A. (2004). "Smoke -The Killer in the Kitchen: Addressing     Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries". 
von Schirnding, Y., et al., ed. (2002). "Addressing the Impact of Household      Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of the Poor: Implications for Policy      Action and Intervention Measures". Based in part on the proceedings of a WHO/USAID      Global Consultation on the Health Impact of Indoor Air Pollution and      Household Energy in Developing Countries, Washington DC, 3-4 May 2000. 
World Health Organization. (2006). "Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health". 
WHO Air Quality Guidelines
Smith, K.R. (2002). "Indoor air pollution in developing countries:      recommendations for research," in Indoor Air 12 (3), 198-207.
Bhogle, S. "Rural women as agents of improved woodstove dissemination: a       case-study in Huluvangala village, Karnataka, India," in Energy for Sustainable       Development, Volume VII, No. 3, September 2003.
Shastri C.M., Sangeetha, G., and Ravindranath, N.H. "Dissemination of efficient       ASTRA stove: case study of a successful entrepreneur in Sirsi, India," in Energy       for Sustainable Development, Volume VI No. 2, June 2002.
Ezzati, M., Mbinda, B.M., and Kammen, D.M. "Comparison of Emissions and       Residential Exposure from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves in Kenya," in     Environmental Science Technologies, 2000 (34), pp. 578-83.
Biermann, E., Grupp, M., and Palmer, R. (1999) "Solar Cooker Acceptance in     South Africa: Results of a Comparative Field-Test." in Solar Energy, 66 (6) pp. 331-42.
Smith, K.R., Samet, J.M., Romieu, I., and Bruce, N. (2000). "Indoor air pollution       in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children," in     Thorax (55), pp. 518-32.
Samet, J.M. and Tielsch, J. "Could biomass fuel smoke cause anaemia and     stunting in early childhood?" in International Journal of Epidemiology, January 11, 2007.
 Barnes, B.R., Mathee, A., Shafritz, L.B. , Krieger, L., and Zimicki, S. (2004). "A       Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Child Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution:       Identifying Possible Target Behaviors" in Health Education Behavior, June 1, 2004       31(3),  306-17.
Pitt, M.M., Rosenzweig, M. R., and Hassan, N. (2006). "Sharing the Burden of       Disease: Gender, the Household Division of Labor and the Health Effects of     Indoor Air Pollution in Bangladesh and India".
Jayachandran, S. (2006). "Air Quality and Early-Life Mortality: Evidence from     Indonesia’s Wildfires".
Naumoff, K. "Indoor Air Pollution Measurement Options", at the Center for       Entrepreneurship in International Health & Development UC Berkeley (CEIHD), May 3, 2005.
Edwards, R.D., Naumoff, K., Masera, O., Chengappa, C., Dutta, K., Grinnell, R., Serrano, P., Rastogi, S., Armendáriz, C., O'Neal, D., and Smith, K.R. (2004). "Standard Methods for Monitoring Indoor Air Pollution to Evaluate Improved Stove Programs: Plans, Protocols, & Progress" presented to Clean Air Net Better Air Quality Workshop, BAQ 2004, Agra India.
Edwards, R., et al. (2006). "An Inexpensive Dual-Chamber Particle Monitor:      Laboratory Characterization", in Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, June 2006.
Lanata, C.F., Rudan, I., Boschi-Pinto, C., Tomaskovic, L., Cherian, T., Weber,       M., and Campbell, H. (2004). "Methodological and quality issues in       epidemiological studies of acute lower respiratory infections in children in      developing countries," in International Journal of Epidemiology, 33 (6), pp. 1362-72.
Sinton, J.E., et al. (2004). "An Assessment of Programs to Promote Improved     Household Stoves in China", in Energy, 8 (3) pp. 33-52.
Ezzati, E. and Kammen, D.M. "The Health Impacts of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution from Solid Fuels in Developing Countries: Knowledge, Gaps, and Data Needs" in Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, 2002.

Videos

Journalist Adam Hart-Davis reports on smoke hoods in Kenya 
Breathing Space: a short video from the Shell Foundation 
"Alleviating Indoor Air Pollution in Poor Rural Areas of China": panel discussion

 
Challenge Criteria The Yunus Innovation Challenge IDEAS Award for 2008 will be given to participants who create an innovative solution that solves as many of the problems as possible surrounding unhealthy indoor air quality for those living in poverty.
As the challenge focuses on air quality issues among the world's poorest populations, solutions should aim for a price point that makes intervention accessible to target communities (who are located for the most part in low-income nations with poor infrastructure) and allows for dissemination on a large-scale.
As with all IDEAS awards, innovation, feasibility and impact will be important criteria in judging. Specific issues to address include, but should not necessarily be limited to:

Affordability
Acceptability within the community (i.e., likelihood of adoption)
Health impact 
Environmental impact
Scalabity

Credit will be given for supporting rationale regarding how the solution will directly address the issues faced. For example, this rationale could include why the team decided to focus particular attention on solving one aspect of the challenge. However, if a team decides that another factor is equally significant, supporting evidence for this factor also should be provided.
While not required, the solution may involve a physical device. The system should be designed to operate in conditions prevalent in poor households and communities where basic hygiene is limited. Again, participants are encouraged to work on a design with a specific community or region in mind as this can be helpful in identifying constraints and providing context.
Resources A sampling of resources for participants about indoor air pollution follows. There are many more available, so please do not hesitate to ask!

Organizations 

World Health Organization Indoor Air Pollution
World Health Organization collection of links related to indoor air pollution
Boiling Point (household energy journal)
Indoor Air, aka International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health
The Household Energy and Health Project at the University of California at Berkeley (and Professor Kirk R. Smith, who researches indoor air pollution)
Practical Action  


Other resources: 

Yunus Centre
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab



For assistance in finding additional resources specific to your project, please contact an MIT librarian.
For more information on the 2008 Yunus Innovation Challenge, please contact Laura Sampath at lsampath@mit.edu.",
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        }

        echo $_this->_output($level, $error, $code, $helpCode, $description, $file, $line, $context);

Debugger::handleError() - CORE/cake/libs/debugger.php, line 213
include - APP/views/elements/teams/twitter.ctp, line 12
View::_render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 665
DebugView::_render() - APP/plugins/debug_kit/views/debug.php, line 54
View::element() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 342
include - APP/views/teams/view.ctp, line 673
View::_render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 665
DebugView::_render() - APP/plugins/debug_kit/views/debug.php, line 54
View::render() - CORE/cake/libs/view/view.php, line 377
DebugView::render() - APP/plugins/debug_kit/views/debug.php, line 74
Controller::render() - CORE/cake/libs/controller/controller.php, line 808
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 229
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/cake/dispatcher.php, line 193
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 90

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